भारत रत्‍न पुरस्‍कार

भारत में अन्‍नत काल से बहादुरी की अनेक गाथाओं को जन्‍म दिया है। संभवत: उनके बलिदानों को मापने का कोई पैमाना नहीं है, यद्यपि हम उन लोगों से भी अपनी आंखें फेर नहीं सकते जिन्‍होंने अपने-अपने क्षेत्रों में उत्‍कृ‍ष्‍टता प्राप्‍त कर हमारे देश का गौरव बढ़ाया है और हमें अंतरराष्‍ट्रीय मान्‍यता दिलाई है। भारत रत्‍न हमारे देश का उच्‍चतम नागरिक सम्‍मान है, जो कला, साहित्‍य और विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में असाधारण सेवा के लिए तथा उच्‍चतम स्‍तर की लोक सेवा को मान्‍यता देने के लिए प्रदान किया जाता है। यह भी अनिवार्य नहीं है कि भारत रत्‍न सम्‍मान हर वर्ष दिया जाए।

इस पुरस्‍कार के रूप में दिए जाने वाले सम्‍मान की मूल विशिष्टि में 35 मिलिमीटर व्‍यास वाला गोलाकार स्‍वर्ण पदक, जिस पर सूर्य और ऊपर हिन्‍दी भाषा में ”भारत रत्‍न” तथा नीचे एक फूलों का गुलदस्‍ता बना होता है पीछे की ओर शासकीय संकेत और आदर्श-वाक्‍य लिखा होता है। इसे सफेद फीते में डालकर गले में पहनाया जाता है। एक वर्ष बाद इस डिजाइन को बदल दिया गया था।

भारत रत्‍न पुरस्‍कार की परम्‍परा 1954 में शुरु हुई थी। सबसे पहला पुरस्‍कार प्रसिद्ध वैज्ञानिक चंद्र शेखर वेंकटरमन को दिया गया था। तब से अनेक विशिष्‍ट जनों को अपने-अपने क्षेत्र में उत्‍कृष्‍टता पाने के लिए यह पुरस्‍कार प्रस्‍तुत किया गया है। वास्‍तव में हमारे पूर्व राष्‍ट्रपति, डॉ. ए. पी. जे. अब्‍दुल कलाम को भी यह प्रतिष्ठित पुरस्‍कार दिया गया है (1997)। इसका कोई लिखित प्रावधान नहीं है कि भारत रत्‍न केवल भारतीय नागरिकों को ही दिया जाए। यह पुरस्‍कार स्‍वाभाविक रूप से भारतीय नागरिक बन चुकी एग्‍नेस गोंखा बोजाखियू, जिन्‍हें हम मदर टेरेसा के नाम से जानते है और दो अन्‍य गैर-भारतीय – खान अब्‍दुल गफ्फार खान और नेल्‍सन मंडेला (1990)। 2009 में यह पुरस्कार प्रसिद्ध भारतीय गायक पंडित भीमसेन गुरूराज जोशी को प्रदान किया गया था। 4 फरवरी 2014 को नई दिल्ली में भारत के राष्ट्रपति प्रणव मुखर्जी द्वारा प्रसिद्ध क्रिकेटर सचिन तेंदुलकर एवं प्रख्यात वैज्ञानिक प्रो सीएनआर राव को भारत-रत्न से सम्मानित किया गया।

Bharat Ratna Award: List of recipients

Year	Laureates	Brief Description
Bharat Ratna 1954	C. Rajagopalachari (First recipient of Bharat Ratna Award)	An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer, Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54); and founder of the Indian political party Swatantra Party.
	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (First recipient of Bharat Ratna Award)	He served as India's first Vice-President (1952–62) and second President (1962–67). Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.
	C. V. Raman (First recipient of Bharat Ratna Award)	Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering", Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
Bharat Ratna 1955	Bhagwan Das	Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, and co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapithand worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.
	M. Visvesvaraya	Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18), was a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.
	Jawaharlal Nehru	Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947–64).
Bharat Ratna 1957	Govind Ballabh Pant	Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955–61.
Bharat Ratna 1958	Dhondo Keshav Karve	Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.
Bharat Ratna 1961	Bidhan Chandra Roy	A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of Modern West Bengal". He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors' Day in India.
	Purushottam Das Tandon	Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.
Bharat Ratna 1962	Rajendra Prasad	Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar, Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence. He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).
Bharat Ratna 1963	Zakir Husain	Independence activist and education philosopher, Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62). Later, he was elected as second Vice-President of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69).
	Pandurang Vaman Kane	Indologist and Sanskrit scholar, Kane is best known for his five-volume literary work, History of Dharmasastra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India; the "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.
Bharat Ratna 1966	Lal Bahadur Shastri	Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"), Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
Bharat Ratna 1971	Indira Gandhi	Known as the "Iron Lady of India", Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.
Bharat Ratna 1975	V. V. Giri	While studying at the University College Dublin, Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Fein movement. Returning to India, he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle. He was elected as the first President of the All India Trade Union Congress in 1926. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India (1969–74).
Bharat Ratna 1976	K. Kamaraj	Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62, and 1962–63.
Bharat Ratna 1980	Mother Teresa	"Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.
1983	Vinoba Bhave	Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement, "Land-Gift Movement". He was given the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.
Bharat Ratna 1987	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan	Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.
1988	M. G. Ramachandran	Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84, and 1985–87.
Bharat Ratna 1990	B. R. Ambedkar	Social reformer and leader of the Dalits ("Untouchables"), Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India. Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits, the Hindu varna system. He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956.
	Nelson Mandela	Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa, Mandela was the President of South Africa (1994–99). Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa", Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy. In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Bharat Ratna 1991	Rajiv Gandhi	Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.
	Vallabhbhai Patel	Widely known as the "Iron Man of India", Patel was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50). Post-independence, "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel worked with V. P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union.
	Morarji Desai	Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister of India (1977–79). He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.
Bharat Ratna 1992	Abul Kalam Azad	Independence activist Azad was India's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education. He was widely known as "Maulana Azad" and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India.
	J. R. D. Tata	Industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, Tata founded India's first airline Air India. He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Tata Motors, TCS, National Institute of Advanced Studies, and National Centre for the Performing Arts.
	Satyajit Ray	Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955), film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema. In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.
Bharat Ratna 1997	Gulzarilal Nanda	Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India (1964, 1966) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.
	Aruna Asaf Ali	Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post-Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.
	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam	Aerospace and defence scientist, Kalam was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation. Later, he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 till 2007.
Bharat Ratna 1998	M. S. Subbulakshmi	Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi, often hailed as "Queen of songs", is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award.
	Chidambaram Subramaniam	Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India (1964–66), Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India. During the late 1970s, he worked for International Rice Research Institute, Manila, and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute, Mexico.
Bharat Ratna 1999	Jayaprakash Narayan	Independence activist, social reformer, and commonly referred as "Lok Nayak" ("People's Hero"), Narayan is better known for "Total Revolution Movement" or "JP Movement" initiated during the mid-1970s to "overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government".
	Amartya Sen	Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1998), Sen has done research over several topics including social choice theory, ethics and political philosophy, welfare economics, decision theory, development economics, public health, and gender studies.
	Gopinath Bordoloi	Independence activist Bordoloi is the first Chief Minister of Assam (1946–50). His efforts and association with the then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan.
	Ravi Shankar	Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music", sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison.
Bharat Ratna 2001	Lata Mangeshkar	Widely credited as the "nightingale of India", playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages. In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.
	Bismillah Khan	Hindustani classical shehnai player, Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.
Bharat Ratna 2009	Bhimsen Joshi	Hindustani classical vocalist, Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana, an Indian musical school. He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a "mastery over rhythm and accurate notes".[
Bharat Ratna 2014	C. N. R. Rao	The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue, IIT Bombay, Oxford, chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure. He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books.
	Sachin Tendulkar	He played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades. He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket.
Bharat Ratna 2015	Madan Mohan Malaviya	Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 till 1938. He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.
	Atal Bihari Vajpayee	Parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms; 1996, 1998, 1999–2004. He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977–79 and was awarded the "Best Parliamentarian" in 1994.
Bharat Ratna 2019	Pranab Mukherjee	He is an Indian politician who served as the 13th President of India from 2012 until 2017. He has been a senior leader in the Indian National Congress and has occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President, he was Union Finance Minister from 2009 to 2012.
	Nanaji Deshmukh	He was a social activist from India. He worked in the fields of education, health, and rural self-reliance. He was a member of RSS, a leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and also a member of the Rajya Sabha. He was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan in 1999. India’s first Saraswati Shishu Mandir was established by him at Gorakhpur in 1950.
	Bhupen Hazarika	He was an Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, singer, poet and film-maker from Assam, widely known as Sudhakantha. Before he got Bharat Ranta (India's highest civilian award), he received the National Film Award for Best Music Direction in 1975. Recipient of Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987), Padmashri (1977), and Padmabhushan (2001), and also awarded with Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1992).